Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. J Family Med Prim Care. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Address for correspondence: Dr. E-mail: moc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed as well as in developing countries. Keywords: Childhood obesity, consequences, epidemiology, lifestyle, non-communicable disease, overweight.
Introduction The world is undergoing a rapid epidemiological and nutritional transition characterized by persistent nutritional deficiencies, as evidenced by the prevalence of stunting, anemia, and iron and zinc deficiencies.
Definition of Childhood Obesity Although definition of obesity and overweight has changed over time, it can be defined as an excess of body fat BF.
Causes of Childhood Obesity It is widely accepted that increase in obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, with an increase in positive energy balance being closely associated with the lifestyle adopted and the dietary intake preferences. Sugary beverages A study examining children aged 9—14 from —, found that consumption of sugary beverages increased BMI by small amounts over the years. Snack foods Another factor that has been studied as a possible contributing factor of childhood obesity is the consumption of snack foods.
Portion size Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. Activity level One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. Environmental factors While extensive television viewing and the use of other electronic media has contributed to the sedentary lifestyles, other environmental factors have reduced the opportunities for physical activity.
Socio-cultural factors Socio-cultural factors have also been found to influence the development of obesity. Family factors Family factors have also been associated with the increase of cases of obesity. Psychological factors Depression and anxiety A recent review concluded that the majority of studies find a prospective relationship between eating disturbances and depression.
Body dissatisfaction Research has consistently found that body satisfaction is higher in males than females at all ages. Eating disorder symptoms Traits associated with eating disorders appear to be common in adolescent obese populations, particularly for girls.
Consequences of childhood obesity Childhood obesity can profoundly affect children's physical health, social, and emotional well-being, and self esteem. Medical consequences Childhood obesity has been linked to numerous medical conditions. Socio-emotional consequences In addition to being implicated in numerous medical concerns, childhood obesity affects children's and adolescent's social and emotional health.
Academic consequences Childhood obesity has also been found to negatively affect school performance. Conclusion The growing issue of childhood obesity can be slowed, if society focuses on the causes. Footnotes Source of Support: Nil. References 1. The obesity epidemic is a worldwide phenomenon. Nutr Rev. Gupta RK. Nutrition and the Diseases of Lifestyle. In: Bhalwar RJ, editor.
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It's particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once considered adult problems — diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self-esteem and depression. One of the best strategies to reduce childhood obesity is to improve the eating and exercise habits of your entire family.
Treating and preventing childhood obesity helps protect your child's health now and in the future. Not all children carrying extra pounds are overweight. Some children have larger than average body frames. And children normally carry different amounts of body fat at the various stages of development. So you might not know by how your child looks if weight is a health concern.
The body mass index BMI , which provides a guideline of weight in relation to height, is the accepted measure of overweight and obesity. Your child's doctor can use growth charts, the BMI and, if necessary, other tests to help you figure out if your child's weight could pose health problems.
If you're worried that your child is putting on too much weight, talk to his or her doctor. The doctor will consider your child's history of growth and development, your family's weight-for-height history, and where your child lands on the growth charts.
This can help determine if your child's weight is in an unhealthy range. Lifestyle issues — too little activity and too many calories from food and drinks — are the main contributors to childhood obesity. But genetic and hormonal factors might play a role as well. Many factors — usually working in combination — increase your child's risk of becoming overweight:.
Childhood obesity often causes complications in a child's physical, social and emotional well-being. Obesity and asthma: pathophysiology and implications for diagnosis and management in primary care. Exp Biol Med Maywood. Narang I, Mathew JL. Childhood obesity and obstructive sleep apnea. J Nutr Metab. Pollock NK. Childhood obesity, bone development, and cardiometabolic risk factors.
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Association of depression and health related quality of life with body composition in children and youth with obesity. Journal of Affective Disorders ;— Associations between obesity and comorbid mental health, developmental, and physical health conditions in a nationally representative sample of US children aged 10 to Academic Pediatrics. Beck AR. Psychosocial aspects of obesity. Longitudinal trends in obesity in the United States from adolescence to the third decade of life.
Bass R, Eneli I. Severe childhood obesity: an under-recognized and growing health problem. Postgrad Med J.
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