Bacterial vaginosis BV is caused by an imbalance of the bacteria normally present in the vagina. Bladder prolapse is when the bladder bulges into the vagina.
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The State of Victoria and the Department of Health shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website. Skip to main content. Reproductive system - female. Home Reproductive system - female. Premenstrual syndrome PMS. Actions for this page Listen Print. Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. What is premenstrual syndrome PMS?
PMS is a complex condition that includes physical and emotional symptoms. Research shows that: women with PMS are hypersensitive to their own normal cyclic hormones progesterone and oestrogen during their menstrual cycle brain chemicals specifically the neurotransmitters serotonin and gamma butyric acid play a role symptoms do not occur during pregnancy or after menopause. PMS symptoms can include physical and mood symptoms. Physical symptoms of PMS can include: abdominal bloating acne clumsiness digestive upsets, including constipation and diarrhoea fluid retention weight gain breast tenderness or swelling joint or muscle pain tiredness poor sleep or sleepiness food cravings headache and migraine hot flushes or sweats increased appetite increased sensitivity to sounds, light and touch.
Mood symptoms of PMS can include: anxiety confusion depression and lowered mood, which may include suicidal thoughts difficulties concentrating, memory lapses drop in self-esteem and confidence, leading to social isolation drop in sexual desire, or occasionally an increase feelings of loneliness and paranoia irritability, including angry outbursts mood swings, weepiness. Factors that may contribute to PMS symptoms include: stress psychological state poor physical health overweight and obesity — women with a BMI higher than 30 are three times more likely to have PMS than those with a normal weight smoking — smokers are twice as likely to have severe PMS symptoms compared to non-smokers family history and genetics cultural and social environment.
PMS management There is no cure for PMS, but symptoms may be managed successfully with: lifestyle changes dietary modifications supplements hormone treatments other therapies.
You can also take it as a dietary supplement. Studies have found mixed results for: Magnesium. If you get menstrual migraines , talk to your doctor about whether you need more magnesium. You can also take a supplement. Polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 and omega Studies show that taking a supplement with 1 to 2 grams of polyunsaturated fatty acids may help reduce cramps and other PMS symptoms.
What complementary or alternative medicines may help relieve PMS symptoms? Some herbal supplements women use to ease PMS symptoms include: Black cohosh. Black cohosh is most often used to help treat menopausal symptoms, 29 and some women use it to help relieve PMS symptoms. Women taking hormonal birth control or hormone therapy for menopause symptoms should not take chasteberry.
Evening primrose oil. Some women report that the pill helps relieve PMS symptoms, but the research results are mixed. Did we answer your question about PMS? Sources Freeman, E. Dennerstein, L. Premenstrual symptoms—severity, duration and typology: an international cross-sectional study.
Menopause International ; — Winer, S. Premenstrual disorders: prevalence, etiology and impact. Journal of Reproductive Medicine ; 51 4 Suppl Global study of women's experiences of premenstrual symptoms and their effects on daily life. Menopause International; 88— Steiner, M. Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: guidelines for management. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; 25 5 : — Potter, J.
Gollenberg, A. Endicott, J. Is premenstrual dysphoric disorder a distinct clinical entity? Richards, M. Premenstrual symptoms and perimenopausal depression. American Journal of Psychiatry; 1 : Bloch, M. Effects of gonadal steroids in women with a history of postpartum depression. American Journal of Psychiatry; 6 : Pinkerton, J.
Menstrual cycle-related exacerbation of disease. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology; 3 : American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Premenstrual Syndrome PMS. Dickerson, L. Premenstrual Syndrome.
American Family Physician; 67 8 : — Boneva, R. Early menopause and other gynecologic risk indicators for chronic fatigue syndrome in women. Menopause, 22, — El-Lithy, A. Effect of aerobic exercise on premenstrual symptoms, haemotological and hormonal parameters in young women. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 3: 1—4.
Aganoff, J. Aerobic exercise, mood states and menstrual cycle symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research ; — Kaur, G. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a review for the treating practitioner. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine ; —5, —3, —8. Tsai, S. Hernandez-Reif, M. Premenstrual symptoms are relieved by massage therapy. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol ; 21 1 If you haven't been able to manage your premenstrual syndrome with lifestyle changes and the symptoms of PMS are affecting your health and daily activities, see your doctor.
Exactly what causes premenstrual syndrome is unknown, but several factors may contribute to the condition:. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. Overview Premenstrual syndrome PMS has a wide variety of signs and symptoms, including mood swings, tender breasts, food cravings, fatigue, irritability and depression.
Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Share on: Facebook Twitter. Show references Frequently asked questions. Gynecologic problems FAQ Premenstrual syndrome. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Accessed Oct. Yonkers KA, et al. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
Accessed Dec.
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